Students are more likely to persist despite setbacks when they perceive that:

Students are more likely to persevere through challenges when they believe that their abilities can be developed and that success is linked to their effort. This mindset, often referred to as a growth mindset, encourages learners to view setbacks as opportunities for learning rather than as a reflection of their inherent capabilities. When students understand that through effort and persistence they can improve, they are more motivated to overcome obstacles and continue working towards their goals. This belief fosters resilience and an inclination to tackle difficult tasks, knowing that progress is achievable through dedication and hard work.

In contrast, the other choices focus on fixed notions of ability, suggesting that success is predetermined by intelligence or talent, which can discourage students when they encounter difficulties. Believing that failure indicates a lack of potential also hinders persistence, as it may lead students to feel defeated rather than motivated to try again. Thus, the perspective that effort contributes directly to achievement empowers students to maintain their determination in the face of adversity.